| Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor |
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Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive and rare cancer that primarily occurs as masses in the abdomen.[2] Other areas affected may include the lymph nodes, the lining of the abdomen, diaphragm, spleen, liver, chest wall, skull, spinal cord, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, brain, lungs, testicles, ovaries, and the pelvis. Reported sites of metastatic spread include the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, brain, skull, and bones. It is characterized by the EWS-WT1 fusion protein.
The tumor is classified as a soft tissue sarcoma and a small round blue cell tumor. It most often occurs in male children. The disease rarely occurs in females, but when it does the tumors can be mistaken for ovarian cancer.[3]
Signs and symptoms
There are few early warning signs that a patient has a DSRCT. Patients are often young and healthy as the tumors grow and spread uninhibited within the abdominal cavity. These are rare tumors and symptoms are often misdiagnosed by physicians. The abdominal masses can grow to enormous size before being noticed by the patient. The tumors can be felt as hard, round masses by palpating the abdomen.
First symptoms of the disease often include abdominal distention, abdominal mass, abdominal or back pain, gastrointestinal obstruction, lack of appetite, ascites, anemia, and cachexia.
Other reported symptoms include unknown lumps, thyroid conditions, hormonal conditions, blood clotting, kidney and urological problems, testicle, breast, uterine, vaginal, and ovarian masses.
Genetics
There are no known risk factors that have been identified specific to the disease. The tumor appears to arise from the primitive cells of childhood, and is considered a childhood cancer.
Research has indicated that there is a chimeric relationship between DSRCT and Wilms' tumor and Ewing sarcoma. Together with neuroblastoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, they form the small-cell tumors.
DSRCT is associated with a unique chromosomal translocation (notated as t(11;22)(p13:q12))[4] that merges the EWSR1 FET family gene normally located on band 12 of the long (or "q") arm of chromosome 22 with part of the WT1 transcription factor gene normally located on band 13 of the short arm of chromosome 11.[5] The resulting EWSR1-WT1 fusion gene is converted to a fusion transcript[6] that directs the formation of an EWSR1-WT1 chimeric protein.[7] The EWSR1-WT1 chimeric protein contains the N-terminal transactivation domain of EWSR1 and the DNA-binding domain of WT1. This translocation is seen in virtually all cases of DSRCT.[8]
The EWS/WT1 translocation product targets ENT4.[9] ENT4 is also known as PMAT.
Pathology
The entity was first described by pathologists William L. Gerald and Juan Rosai in 1989.[10] Pathology reveals well circumscribed solid tumor nodules within a dense desmoplastic stroma. Often areas of central necrosis are present. Tumor cells have hyperchromatic nuclei with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio.[citation needed]
On immunohistochemistry, these cells have trilinear coexpression including the epithelial marker cytokeratin, the mesenchymal markers desmin and vimentin, and the neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase. Thus, although initially thought to be of mesothelial origin due to sites of presentation, it is now hypothesized to arise from a progenitor cell with multiphenotypic differentiation.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Because this is a rare tumor, not many family physicians or oncologists are familiar with this disease. DSRCT in young patients can be mistaken for other abdominal tumors including rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and mesenteric carcinoid. In older patients DSRCT can resemble lymphoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, and peritoneal carcinomatosis. In males DSRCT may be mistaken for germ cell or testicular cancer while in females DSRCT can be mistaken for Ovarian cancer. DSRCT shares characteristics with other small-round blue cell cancers including Ewing's sarcoma, acute leukemia, small cell mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Wilms' tumor.
Treatment
DSRCT is frequently misdiagnosed. Adult patients should always be referred to a sarcoma specialist. This is an aggressive, rare, fast spreading tumor and both pediatric and adult patients should be treated at a sarcoma center.
There is no standard protocol for the disease;[11] however, recent journals and studies have reported that some patients respond to high-dose (P6 Protocol) chemotherapy, maintenance chemotherapy, debulking operation, cytoreductive surgery, and radiation therapy. Other treatment options include: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, radiofrequency ablation, stereotactic body radiation therapy, intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion, and clinical trials.
Prognosis
The prognosis for DSRCT remains poor.[12] Prognosis depends upon the stage of the cancer. Because the disease can be misdiagnosed or remain undetected, tumors frequently grow large within the abdomen and metastasize or seed to other parts of the body.
There is no known organ or area of origin. DSRCT can metastasize through lymph nodes or the blood stream. Sites of metastasis include the spleen, diaphragm, liver, large and small intestine, lungs, central nervous system, bones, uterus, bladder, genitals, abdominal cavity, and the brain.
A multi-modality approach of high-dose chemotherapy, aggressive surgical resection,[13] radiation, and stem cell rescue improves survival for some patients. Reports have indicated that patients will initially respond to first line chemotherapy and treatment but that relapse is common.
Some patients in remission or with inoperable tumor seem to benefit from long term low dose chemotherapy, turning DSRCT into a chronic disease.
Research
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The Stehlin Foundation[14] currently offers DSRCT patients the opportunity to send samples of their tumors free of charge for testing. Research scientists are growing the samples on nude mice and testing various chemical agents to find which are most effective against the individual's tumor.
Patients with advanced DSRCT may qualify to participate in clinical trials that are researching new drugs to treat the disease.
The Cory Monzingo Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization that supports the research for treatments and a cure for DSRCT. The Cory Monzingo Foundation provides funding to MD Anderson Cancer Center and may also provide funding to other nonprofit cancer research organizations.
In 2002, Nishio and al,[15] established a novel human tumor cell line derived from the pleural effusion of a patient with a typical intra-abdominal DSRCT, called JN-DSRCT-1[16] that can now be used in research.
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital has, in 2018, make available resources from the Childhood Solid Tumor Network, that upon request gives access to patient-derived orthotopic xenografts.[17]
Alternative names
This disease is also known as: desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor; intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor; desmoplastic small cell tumor; desmoplastic cancer; desmoplastic sarcoma; DSRCT.
There is no connection to peritoneal mesothelioma which is another disease sometimes described as desmoplastic.
See also
- Desmoplasia
- Kate Granger (1981–2016), an English physician, whose diagnosis with DSRCT led to her campaigning for better patient care, and fund-raising for cancer research.
References
- ↑ INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED: Orphanet: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor. In: www.orpha.net. Abgerufen am 17. November 2019 (Lua error in Module:Multilingual at line 149: attempt to index field 'data' (a nil value).).
- ↑ Lee YS, Hsiao CH: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular study of four patients. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106: 854–860.
- ↑ Bland AE, Shah AA, Piscitelli JT, Bentley RC, Secord AA: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor masquerading as advanced ovarian cancer. In: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 18. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2007, S. 847–50, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01110.x, PMID 18081791.
- ↑ Murphy AJ, Bishop K, Pereira C, etal: A new molecular variant of desmoplastic small round cell tumor: significance of WT1 immunostaining in this entity. In: Hum. Pathol. 39. Jahrgang, Nr. 12, Dezember 2008, S. 1763–70, doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2008.04.019, PMID 18703217.
- ↑ Flucke U, van Noesel MM, Siozopoulou V, Creytens D, Tops BB, van Gorp JM, Hiemcke-Jiwa LS: EWSR1-The Most Common Rearranged Gene in Soft Tissue Lesions, Which Also Occurs in Different Bone Lesions: An Updated Review. In: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 11. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, Juni 2021, S. 1093, doi:10.3390/diagnostics11061093, PMID 34203801, PMC 8232650 (freier Volltext).
- ↑ Gerald WL, Haber DA: The EWS-WT1 gene fusion in desmoplastic small round cell tumor. In: Semin. Cancer Biol. 15. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, Juni 2005, S. 197–205, doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.01.005, PMID 15826834.
- ↑ Lee YS, Hsiao CH: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular study of four patients. In: J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 106. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, 2007, S. 854–60, doi:10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60051-0, PMID 17964965.
- ↑ Martínez-Trufero J, Cruz Jurado J, Hernández-León CN, Correa R, Asencio JM, Bernabeu D, Alvarez R, Hindi N, Mata C, Marquina G, Martínez V, Redondo A, Floría LJ, Gómez-Mateo MC, Lavernia J, Sebio A, Garcia Del Muro X, Martin-Broto J, Valverde-Morales C: Uncommon and peculiar soft tissue sarcomas: Multidisciplinary review and practical recommendations. Spanish Group for Sarcoma research (GEIS -GROUP). Part II. In: Cancer Treatment Reviews. 99. Jahrgang, September 2021, S. 102260, doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102260, PMID 34340159.
- ↑ Li H, Smolen GA, Beers LF, etal: Adenosine transporter ENT4 is a direct target of EWS/WT1 translocation product and is highly expressed in desmoplastic small round cell tumor. In: PLOS ONE. 3. Jahrgang, Nr. 6, 2008, S. e2353, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002353, PMID 18523561, PMC 2394657 (freier Volltext), bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2353L. open access
- ↑ W. L. Gerald, J. Rosai: Case 2. Desmoplastic small cell tumor with divergent differentiation. In: Pediatr. Pathol. 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 1989, S. 177–83, doi:10.3109/15513818909022347, PMID 2473463.
- ↑ Talarico F, Iusco D, Negri L, Belinelli D: Combined resection and multi-agent adjuvant chemotherapy for intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumour: case report and review of the literature. G Chir 2007; 28: 367–370.
- ↑ Lal DR, Su WT, Wolden SL, Loh KC, Modak S, La Quaglia MP: Results of multimodal treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumors. In: J. Pediatr. Surg. 40. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, Januar 2005, S. 251–5, doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.09.046, PMID 15868593.
- ↑ Talarico F, Iusco D, Negri L, Belinelli D: Combined resection and multi-agent adjuvant chemotherapy for intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumour: case report and review of the literature. In: G Chir. 28. Jahrgang, Nr. 10, Oktober 2007, S. 367–70, PMID 17915050 (giornalechirurgia.it).
- ↑ Official website for Stehlin Foundation
- ↑ Jun Nishio, Hiroshi Iwasaki, Masako Ishiguro, Yuko Ohjimi, Chikako Fujita, Fumio Yanai, Keiko Nibu, Akihisa Mitsudome, Yasuhiko Kaneko: Establishment and characterization of a novel human desmoplastic small round cell tumor cell line, JN-DSRCT-1. In: Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 82. Jahrgang, Nr. 9, September 2002, ISSN 0023-6837, S. 1175–1182, doi:10.1097/01.LAB.0000028059.92642.03, PMID 12218078.
- ↑ Jn-Dsrct-1.
- ↑ St Jude Children's Research Hospital.
